Essay on Unitary and Federal Goverment Systems - 588 Words

Unitary and federal government systems operate on the principles of checks and balances and the separation of powers. Unitary systems control all local governments such as city, regional, provincial, and municipal. The president using unitary form of government â€Å"has the entire local governments, all military and police forces, all tax collection agencies, all fiscal agencies (banks), all health agencies, all prosecution agencies, all health and social welfare agencies, all natural resources agencies an labor while declaring war and national emergencies, use emergency and military powers during war, rebellion, revolution and terrorism† (Salvilla, 2006). The Central government using the judicial system has a large jurisdiction and power†¦show more content†¦Both working together has the foreign and domestic branch of the same government. Unitary government has total control over the smaller sub-divisions in a country for all government functions. The strengths of countries that use unitary government has less people involved in decision making, manage their economy better, and better tax handling abilities. The weakness of using a unitary government is that there is no balance of power, bureaucracy, there are too many decisions to make, making the process slow and the area to govern is too big. In England there is a Constitutional Monarchy and a Parliamentary Democracy. There is a Queen, House of Commons and House of Lords. Supreme Legislation is control by the Parliament and power to make laws. Having a Queen as head of the state and the prime minister is head of the government. The Parliament is the supreme legal authority of the United Kingdom and is the Law-Making Body. Under the Parliament is â€Å"the House of Lords that does not have much power and their main function is to revise legislation, the House of Commons consist of 646 elected members and the head of the government is the prime minister† (Bennion, Thomas, Balamut, Sleister, 2009). In England they do not follow a written constitution they just simple make decisions by common practice and law that theShow MoreRelatedComparing The Functions And Power Of Judical, Legislative, And Executive Branches1212 Words   |  5 PagesBRANCHES IN FEDERAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS The American Constitution has served a critical role throughout the history of the United States and has affected the powers of federal and state governments. The Constitution laid out the separation of power in government between three branches and each role that they should serve. Federalism divides power along national and state government with each holding specific duties to working together effectively. Even though some hoped for a unitary system, the U.S

The Effects Of Television Violence On Our Society

Our world has a variety of problems today, with violence being at the top of the list, you go anywhere and that is all you here about. Unfortunately it’s in front-page headlines of the newspaper and broadcasted on the news as top stories. Violence is a very big topic, although it is categorized into many small groups. There is juvenile violence, domestic violence, hate violence, terrorist violence, and violence displaced through various forms of the media. This research will be on violence in the media and does it affect our society. How we view television, has changed the world, no doubt in that. Turn your television set on and pick a channel at random; the odds are that half of the programs you come across will contain violent material. The statistics are overwhelming as I look on the internet, read articles, and look at the research. One of the things that most interests me in the violence on television, is the effects it has on children. Children learn by repetition while watching educational shows, so is learning violence on television an exception? This research paper is directed to parents, educational providers, psychologists in research, clinical practice, and individuals with public advocacy roles and defined by education, age and gender. Both women and men will be a core audience for this paper, as I have come across the fact that adolescent boys and adult men are more drawn to violent television then women. It will draw both genders for differentShow MoreRelatedTelevision Is Destroying Todays Youth, but Dont Blame T.V., Blame the Parents.1302 Words   |  6 PagesEver since television was invented, it has become increasingly controversial every year since. So many programs and movies shown on television have become increasingly violent and show sexual innuendos and sexual content. If you were to turn on the six o clock news, you would hear about the murders and the kidnappings and the rapes and all of the horrible things which happen in so ciety, presented in a neutral manner which makes them all seem not quite so bad. Imagine how that looks to twelveRead More effects of tv violence on children Essay719 Words   |  3 Pages Effects of Television Violence on Children In our society today, it is extremely important to pay attention to what influences children. One of the biggest influences America’s youth may have is the television. It is possible for children to be pulled into the television’s realistic world of violence with sometimes devastating results. The impact of television violence on youth behavior has been an issue for many years. Violent programs on television lead to negative behavior by children and teenagersRead More Media Violence and Its Effects Essay709 Words   |  3 Pagesone day you lost your television. You lost your favorite talk show, your CNN, your favorite cartoon and all of your connections to the whole world. Throughout decades, media have became one of the most powerful weapons in the world. As time passed, more and more varieties of media were shown, like television, magazines, and internet. From reporting the news to persuading us to buy certain products, media became the only connection between people and the world. But violence in media is shown everywhereRead MoreEssay on cartoon violence779 Words   |  4 Pages Animation Violence nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Children from the ages 6-11 spend more time watching television than they do in the classroom. The â€Å"renaissance of TV animation† has undoubtedly led to more violent cartoons then ever before. But to talk about cartoon violence, it must first be defined. Webster’s Dictionary defines violence â€Å"as the act (or threat) of injuring or killing someone.† (Webster) And although the violence is not real, a child does not know the difference. Throughout theRead MoreViolence in Television, Movies, and Video Games Should Not Be Censored1653 Words   |  7 PagesVIOLENCE IN TELEVISION, MOVIES, AND VIDEO GAMES SHOULD NOT BE CENSORED Television, movies, and video games have a great influence on the minds of todays youth. But, what exactly are the effects of such an influence? Certain people have exaggerated the effects that these media have on todays youth. Many people, including government officials, have singled out these three media sources as the cause of some types of violence simply because it is an easy target for laying the blame. The truth isRead MoreDesensitization From Lack Of Discretion1614 Words   |  7 Pagestyrannical government, loss of freedoms such as our freedom of speech and our freedom of press, and a stronger presence of authority in our lives on the one side. On the other side our country’s moral fabric could come apart, there could be a rise in violence, and the innocence of our children is at risk. It is the innocence of our children that we are going to take a closer look at. What part does uncensored media play in the desensitization of our youth? Why should we be concerned abo ut this issueRead More Violence in the Media is Not to Blame for the Effect on Children1158 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effect of Violence in the Media on Children Television, movies, and video games are a big part of children’s lives in today’s technologically advanced society. However, there is a big controversy questioning the effects of these media outlets on children. Much of society claims to have proof for the belief that media violence affects children negatively. However, I am skeptical of the evidence that is stated to prove that claim. I feel that society has placed the blame on these mediums forRead MoreViolence in the Media Essay1418 Words   |  6 PagesViolence in the Media In today’s world, there is an endless amount of information available to people everywhere around the globe. Mass media is definitely shaping our world, whether it is in a positive way or a negative way. Television and the radio waves provide us with hours of entertainment. The emergence of the Internet allows us to access thousands of pages of information within the reach our very own fingertips. But with the convenience of all this information comes along a certain levelRead More Children and Violence: An American Media Controversy Essay1014 Words   |  5 Pagesand Violence: An American Media Controversy As censorship of the American media has broken down over the years, the amount of violence allowed to be shown in movies, on television, and in video games has skyrocketed. From coast to coast in our nation, this saturation of hostility in our media has caused many contentious debates between scholars, parents, students and government officials alike. In this controversy, the central argument revolves around the effects violent media has on our societyRead MoreViolence And Sex On Television898 Words   |  4 Pages Violence and Sex on Television: Effects on the Younger Audience In today’s society, the media is used greatly for communication, advertisement, information, and for numerous other reasons. The world has evolved by technological advances as well as by the type of content that is put out on the internet, radio, and especially on television. In particular, violence and sex are two of the most controversial content types that have been recently used loosely in the present as compared to the

A Tragedy Labeled Grunge free essay sample

The days when Michael Jacksons style of pop and Metallic methodical hair/ death metal ruled the airwaves were just about to end. Generation X needed more relevance in their music even if it was not as cheery and magical as pop had sounded for some time. Madonna, OZ Top, Rick Style nor any other of the days pop or rock singers could fill this void. The band that could be most closely considered in the realm Of the message Of grunge would have been Pink Floyd. The band has always incorporated a very real and sober message in the music they have produced.Nothing else mainstream was similar in any way. That is where the story gets fascinating because the original grunge and members never intended to be mainstream. The majority of the bands created music to play at underground shows and the music was intended only to be played for people who really wanted to hear and feel it. The popularization of the music and the bands that received the grunge label gave way to both the rise and the undoing of the genre, the bands and the band members themselves. This paper will concentrate on the short but very eventful life of the grunge genre. A focus will be on two of the pioneer bands, Nirvana and Alice In Chains, which were both from the Seattle, Washington, area and share an epic journey through the early sass. In the mid-sass the new wave of electronic rock was wearing thin with the younger generation of musicians. There had been an invasion of the European pop style and electronic that coincided with the rb infusion in the early ass that was not what this new group of musicians wanted to take part in. The hair metal bands such as Poison, Warrant, White Snake and Bon Jove were ruling the other side of the pop spectrum.Their music was all about glamour and showmanship and did not incorporate many artistic qualities beyond that. The sound of the existing styles were not seen as sincere bytes new enervation of musicians because they seemed to be produced specifically to sell music. The artists that would later be labeled grunge wanted their music to be felt in a way that did not exist in popular music at that time. They had stories they wanted to tell about scenarios that were not popular and might not sell records. The grunge bands were not started for the specific reason to sell records which is why they did not gain popularity until the early ass.The bands primary reason for existing was to expel the confusion, frustration and anger they held inside in a manner that was artistic so people would listen ND possibly gain from their insight and experience. Once this new genre made its way to the underground shows in Seattle, where it all began, there was an explosion of talent that navigated toward it. It was not as musically complex as the metal music of the time so the music could be learned easily and played at home on acoustic or electric guitar. The grunge sound was characterized by a dirty guitar sound with strong riffs and heavy drumming.The dirty guitar sound came from a stylistic change from punk matched with distortion and heavy feedback. Most grunge incorporated a slow tempo and dissonant harmonies. The lyrics were filled with both a hollowness of doubt and insecurity and a disenchantment with the state of society. Once the grunge bands found huge followings in the Seattle area some decided to attempt to branch out and sell their albums nationally. A few of these very early bands were Mudstone, The Melvin and Green River. They were signed to what is historically known as the first grunge record label, Sub Pop.Their attempts were met with marginal sales at best and the future did not look bright for the genre outside of Seattle. In 1 989 Soundboards and Nirvana, who would later become two of the most famous grunge groups, released albums that were met with mediocre critical and popular acclaim nationally. It Was beginning to seem as if the guru Eng following was going to grow over time. In 1991, when Nirvana released their second album, Nevermore, generation X went crazy for grunge. The release of the album is the recognized beginning of the grunge era.In January 2002 the single Smells Like Teen Spirit was an overnight sensation, ruling the number one spot on the pop charts for weeks, and opening the doors for the other bands who had been labeled grunge. The music labels were begging for Seattle bands to sign up and make records with them. Some bands did not have the grunge sound but were signed and labeled grunge to boost record sales and help support a weak recording market. The album was the beginning of the end for glam metal that had been prominent since the early ass. The grunge bands that took the world by storm seemed to grow exponentially in popularity.A few Of the other bands were Pearl Jam, Alice In Chains, Blind Melon and Stone Temple Pilots. Some of the bands found great popularity in what was happening and incorporated more popular themes in their music instead of the gritty and abrasive sound they began with. Although the bands were still babbled grunge they wanted to preserve their popularity along with their sound. Bands such as Canceled and Collective Soul found a middle ground between grunge and pop and were viewed as sellouts to the grunge fans. This became known as post-grunge.Other bands such as Mudstone and The Melvin were left behind because their music was deemed more inaccessible for widespread audiences. It is strongly believed by both fans and music historians that the true grunge bands were never set up to succeed in the music business. The bands did not want to create radio friendly songs that were made just to sell records. The bands were leaving the major record labels to join independent labels which would allow the artists to do what they felt was right. The major labels recruited new bands that cooperated but they could only make watered down music that was somewhat similar to grunge.This music was not accepted by the audiences it was created for. This marked the beginning of the end for grunge music. A strong case can also be made around the notable heroin use that was prevalent among many grunge band members. The death of Nirvana lead singer, Kurt Cabin, is believed to be the official beginning of the downfall of the genre. There were a few notable band member deaths from heroin overdoses in just a couple of years. There was Andrew Wood of Mother Love Bone, Kristin Puff of Hole and Kurt Cabin. Although Cabin died from a shotgun blast it is believed that the heroin in his system caused the actions that killed him.It is still speculated that he did not commit suicide but his wife, Courtney Love, shot him. Courtney Love was the lead singer of Hole. Lane Stanley, lead singer of Alice In Chains, overdosed on a mixture of heroin and cocaine in 2002 after battling heroin addiction since the ass. When Soundboards disbanded in 1997 it marked the final blow to grunge and the dedicated followers had to finally come to the realization that it was over. Soundboards was the final band that had not disbanded or had members die from a heroin overdose. After it was all over there were many positive outcomes of the grunge era.First, there was the infamous clothing line that was marketed toward the followers. Although grunge band members themselves were very opposed to fashion their followers saw them wearing flannel shirts over T-shirts, blue jeans and Doc Martens boots so they dressed the same way. Nobody realized that the reason they wore those clothes was because they were poor and lived in northwest Washington. They did not wear the clothes as a fashion statement. The marketers and record labels made it seem as though it was a fashion statement and began selling very cheap clothing at a 300% markup to all those who wanted to dress like a grunge band member.Nobody realized they could get the same clothes for a fraction of the cost at Goodwill or Salvation Army. Alternative rock was all but nonexistent in the mainstream before grunge but was sought out by the major record labels after the huge success of grunge. Other more obscure genres also benefited in the same manner. This resulted in the Allophone tour which is still a very popular show today. In 1992 and 93 when the tour began it was geared toward grunge and alternative music.Pop culture came to embrace grunge and the bands became popular for making appearances in movies as well as creating their own independent films. In 1 992 the movie Singles featured many grunge bands and the soundtrack was composed completely by grunge bands. In the same year Nirvana and Sonic Youth starred in a documentary named 1991: The Year Punk Broke. Grunge also brought back a new infatuation with punk music. Many bands were coming of age just after the downfall of grunge and they took much Of the style that grunge offered and incorporated it with the faster punk tempos and even simpler rhythmic style.A lot of these bands are still around today. Green Day and The Offspring are two main examples of this new punk genre that was influenced by grunge. When many grunge bands fled to the independent record labels it allowed the labels to grow in size and popularity so they could then compete with the major labels even after the grunge era was over. Sub Pop and Epitaph Records are two such labels that grew in notoriety and had similar success as the major labels. The grunge era would not have existed had it not been for Nirvana.The band was formed in 1987 in Aberdeen Washington and included Kurt Cabin, Skirts Novice and Dave Growl. After their second album hit the charts and did not move from #1 for weeks Cabin was known as the spokesman of a generation. Cabin did not like the reference and did not want to speak for anyone. He played off the title by stating Part of what Nirvanas songs are about is having the freedom to speak for It s believed that the band made their third album In Utter purposely hard to listen to so that the fair weather fans would get off the bandwagon.Nirvana was the ultimate grunge band in that the band played music that they lived . Nothing they played was written by anyone other than band members. The band did release some music that was out of the ordinary for them but it was satirical and aimed at pop, glam metal and pop culture. Nirvanas style was what you would expect from grunge because it is what most people base their experience with grunge on. The guitars were either very quiet or very loud. There were heavy riffs played along with loud drumming that was fairly simplistic.The songs were short and to the point with no long solos. Cabins lyrics were sometimes mumbled and run together for a phrase followed by screaming until his vocal chords gave out. No matter what style of singing the lyrics were almost always profound. Drummer Dave Growl also sang occasionally and had a more vibrant voice than Cabins manic sound which gave the band a strange fusion on rare instances. The band did not abide by any standards for the music that was created.Some of the music they made could be considered heavy metal and some could be considered alternative rock but it all had a feel to it that had never existed in mainstream music before. Some of the band members influences were The Melvin, The Pixies, Mudstone, Black Sabbath and Led Zeppelin. Alice In Chains was another prominent band that grunge gave birth to. Like Nirvana, they date back to 1987. The band members were Lane Stanley, Jerry Central, Mike Nines and Sean Kinney. The band is known for embodying the darker side of grunge and the mysterious harmonistic of Starlets and Canticles voices.The band began as a hair metal act that quickly realized their sound could be such richer and they could have much more substance. Alice In Chains thrived on a heavy, guitar driven and distortion rich sound that no other grunge band could and because of this they are classified as metal and alternative also. Although they were personified by their heavy, grinding guitar playing they also played many acoustic songs that were slow and melancholic. Some of the bands songs have solos that are uncharacteristic of the grunge style.A lot of the music they created had to do with Starlets bout with addiction and the constant battle to cope with life. Like Nirvana, Alice In Chains wrote all of their own music and only wrote about personal experiences, addiction and feelings of grief. The harmonistic between Stanley and Central is enough to run chills down your spine and draw tears to your eyes because you can tell they have experienced the pain that they convey so well. The bands career was cut short when Starlets girlfriend died from an infection and he went into deep depression and began using heroin constantly.The band members all took on side projects in hopes of a full recovery for their lead singer and vowed not to move on without him. The band went into hibernation anticipating Starlets return from rehab but on April 20, 2002 he was found dead in his Seattle condominium from an apparent overdose of heroin and cocaine. The coroner concluded that Stanley had been dead since April 5, which was the same day Kurt Cabin had died eight years earlier. It seemed a perfect yet tragic ending for a storied grunge band. There has been no band like Nirvana or Alice In Chains since their respective demise.The singing styles Of the two bands are extremely different in that Cabin was almost bipolar with his sobering voice while Stanley was always in control and brilliantly sober as well. The majority of the songs Alice In Chains played were longer and more methodically structured than Nirvanas shorter and sometimes manic songs. Both bands were from the Seattle area and both broke into the main stream at the same time. Although Alice In Chains stayed together longer Nirvana had more popularity for the five years after Cabins death.This was brought on by the release of unreleased music and the possibility of an impending murder charge against Courtney Love. The remaining members of each band have formed new bands since their lead singers passing. The remaining members of Nirvana formed a new group, Off Fighters, in 1995. Alice In Chains enlisted a new singer, William Devalue, kept the same moniker and revived their career in 2009 with the new album Black Gives Way To Blue, in which every song is about Starlets life and death. Both bands have influenced genres after them on many levels.They both were instrumental in the success and the dissolution of grunge. It is my belief that if Stanley and Cabin were alive and well today grunge would have lasted into the 21st century. Grunge was but a short era in the history of music but it was very powerful and has had a lot of costive influence on the music world. A small region in the pacific northwest was the musical promised land for an unforgettable five year period that saw the birth and death of the grunge era and a handful of music legends. The late sass gave way to a new music genre that was simultaneously sobering and enchanting. The song writers were not afraid to allow us to see inside their lives in ways most people would not allow. The music was not made to gain popularity nor was it made to bring in riches yet generation X loved it. The ensuing popularity took the genre to its pinnacle and swiftly led it to its demise. The dirty guitar sound and heavy riffs are a staple of the genre. Most of the music has a slow tempo, dissonant harmonies and a steady time signature through out.

Nancy Werlin Report free essay sample

She currently resides near Boston, Massachusetts. She received a Bachelors degree in English from Yale University. She was formerly a software writer for various companies. She is also the author of Are You Alone on Purpose? in 1994, The Killers Cousin in 1998, Locked Inside in 2000, and Black Mirror in 2001. She was the recipient of many awards including the Publishers Weekly Flying Start award, ALA Best Book for Young Adults, and the Edgar Award. Her favorite reading matter included the Nancy Drew and Cherry Ames series, Ray Bradburys science fiction, historical novels of all sorts, and classics such as Little Women, Jane Eyre, The Hobbit, and The Lord of the Rings. Werlin is the youngest of three daughters. She grew up with an autistic sibling. Her parents had a very laid back way of parenting. Werlin had a complicated family in her childhood years. Double Helix is about 18-year old Eli Samuels, who works for a famous molecular biologist named Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Nancy Werlin Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Quincy Wyatt. There is a mysterious connection between Dr. Wyatt and Eli’s parents, and Eli knows that the connection has something to do with his mother, who has Huntington’s Disease. Because of the connection between Dr. Wyatt and the Samuels family, Elis father is strongly against Eli working there. The job is perfect, and the wages are great, but Eli cant help but notice that Dr. Wyatt seems to be a little too interested in Eli. Later on, as Eli continues to work in the lab, he discovers with the help of Kayla Matheson, Dr. Wyatts supposed niece, that he and Kayla are the product of a highly unethical genetic experiments All the characters in the book had some moral and ethical flaws, but to me Dr. Wyatt has the least morals and ethics. He used Avas eggs to experiment with and that is extremely bad ethics. I think Eli had the most ethics, because he stood in there for Kayla as a brother even though hed just learned of his own beginnings and even though they were virtually strangers. Both Kayla and Eli also share some of the characteristic such as they are both gifted athletes, extremely intelligent, and physically attractive. I think they share these same qualities because of two reason. The first is that they both have the same mother. The second is that they were genetically experimented on so what was stopping them from putting those genes in their DNA. I do not think that human life should be created in a laboratory. I think that there are numerous things that could go wrong in an experiment like that. I think that humans will eventually start cloning themselves. I think that this will happen in the not so distant future also. I think that genetic manipulation is ethical when you are trying to better the human race. I however do not think it is ethical for you to genetically manipulate something for personal gain. I enjoyed this book. At first I wasnt too sure what to think of it because it seemed to be pure science fiction. It surprised me and turned out to be a decent book.

Free Essays on Game Day

My senses are elevated as the front door opens. The mob waiting outside begins pouring in. The sounds of laughter and inquiries of, â€Å"Is anyone home,† began to fill the hollow house. I have no difficulty determining what the mob desires. Hugs, kisses, and, â€Å"How are yous,† are expressed between myself, and the mob. That’s right, the Posey’s have arrived unexpectedly to surprise my two brothers and me for a day of food and football. Nephews and nieces jump down from the arms that hold then to run through the house looking for the horse size dogs, Diesel and Vegas, which are now at the top of the basement steps, just waiting for one of the little ones to open the door and set them free. Free to knock down as many little people as possible and greet them with snorts and slobber. Diesel and Vegas are my two boxers that are well behaved after they have the chance to run and greet every new comer in the house, which could take awhile. After all the love and affection subside, it is time to prepare the great feast that mom and granny have brought with them. The rest of the cooking will take place in the kitchen were only granny is allowed. No one is to bother granny while she cooks, it’s the law were she comes from. Meanwhile, the rest of the family heads downstairs into the twelve hundred square foot basement. There we have set up a game room with a pool table, ping-pong, and air hockey. The room would not be complete without a selection of TV’s for sporting events. The basement itself looks like a traditional basement, lined with cylinder blocks, and an unfinished ceiling, that has exposed pipes and wiring. As the TV’s are turned on and many games commence for a Saturday of college football, games begin between competitive siblings as well. Many different discussions that lead to arguments, which are resolved by a firm tome from my dad, â€Å"If you don’t play nice, you won’t play at all!† The basemen... Free Essays on Game Day Free Essays on Game Day My senses are elevated as the front door opens. The mob waiting outside begins pouring in. The sounds of laughter and inquiries of, â€Å"Is anyone home,† began to fill the hollow house. I have no difficulty determining what the mob desires. Hugs, kisses, and, â€Å"How are yous,† are expressed between myself, and the mob. That’s right, the Posey’s have arrived unexpectedly to surprise my two brothers and me for a day of food and football. Nephews and nieces jump down from the arms that hold then to run through the house looking for the horse size dogs, Diesel and Vegas, which are now at the top of the basement steps, just waiting for one of the little ones to open the door and set them free. Free to knock down as many little people as possible and greet them with snorts and slobber. Diesel and Vegas are my two boxers that are well behaved after they have the chance to run and greet every new comer in the house, which could take awhile. After all the love and affection subside, it is time to prepare the great feast that mom and granny have brought with them. The rest of the cooking will take place in the kitchen were only granny is allowed. No one is to bother granny while she cooks, it’s the law were she comes from. Meanwhile, the rest of the family heads downstairs into the twelve hundred square foot basement. There we have set up a game room with a pool table, ping-pong, and air hockey. The room would not be complete without a selection of TV’s for sporting events. The basement itself looks like a traditional basement, lined with cylinder blocks, and an unfinished ceiling, that has exposed pipes and wiring. As the TV’s are turned on and many games commence for a Saturday of college football, games begin between competitive siblings as well. Many different discussions that lead to arguments, which are resolved by a firm tome from my dad, â€Å"If you don’t play nice, you won’t play at all!† The basemen...

Positive Degree of Adjectives and Adverbs in English

Positive Degree of Adjectives and Adverbs in English In English  grammar, the positive degree is the basic, uncompared form of an adjective or adverb, as opposed to either the comparative or superlative. Also called the base form  or the absolute degree. The concept of positive degree in the English language is one of the simplest to grasp.    For example, in the phrase the big prize, the adjective big is in the positive degree (the form that appears in a dictionary). The comparative form of big is bigger; the superlative form is biggest. C. Edward Good notes that the raw adjectivein its positive statemerely describes the noun modified; it doesnt care about how this particular person or thing stacks up against other members of the same noun class (Whose Grammar Book Is This Anyway? 2002) Etymology From the Latin, to place Examples and Observations Yertle the turtle was king of the pond.A nice little pond. It was clean. It was neat.The water was warm. There was plenty to eat.(Dr. Seuss,  Yertle the Turtle. Random House, 1958)There were three nice, fat little pigs.  The first was  small, the second was smaller, and the third was the smallest of all.(Howard Pyle, The Three Little Pigs and the Ogre. The Wonder Clock, 1988)It was a large heart with lots of hearts growing smaller inside, and piercing from the outside rim to the smallest heart was an arrow.(Maya Angelou,  I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Random House, 1969)Few  things are harder to put up with than the annoyance of a  good  example.(Mark Twain,  Puddnhead Wilson, 1894)The tone of the trombone is allied in quality to that of the French horn. It also possesses a noble and  majestic sound, one that is even larger and rounder than the horns tone.(Aaron Copland,  What to Listen For in Music, 1939)Humanity has advanced, when it has advanced, not because it has been  sober, responsible, and  cautious, but because it has been  playful, rebellious, and  immature.(Tom Robbins, Still Life with Woodpecker. Random House, 1980) Marys parents  traveled far  to trade and to search for food.(Shannon Lowry, Natives of the Far North. Stackpole, 1994)The inspirational value of the space program is probably of far greater importance to education than any input of dollars.(Arthur C. Clarke,  Profiles of the Future: An Inquiry into the Limits of the Possible,1962) Three Degrees to Consider   Adjectives change form to show degree of comparison. There are  three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, and superlative. . . .The  positive degree  describes one item or one group of items. The positive form is the form used in dictionary definitions. (A.C. Krizan et al., Business Communication, 8th ed. South-Western, Cengage, 2011)Adjectives change form or add more or most to show comparison. Almost all one-syllable adjectives- as well as many of two syllables- add er to their positive (noncomparative) form to show comparison with one thing; this form is called the comparative form. To show  comparison  with two or more things, these adjectives add est; this is called the superlative form. Some two-syllable adjectives and almost all adjectives with three or more syllables show comparison with one item by placing the word more before the adjective; they show comparison with two or more items by placing the word most before the adjective.(Peder Jones and Jay Farness, College Writing Skills, 5th ed. Collegiate Press, 2002) Pronunciation: POZ-i-tiv

James Joyce's The Dead Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

James Joyce's The Dead - Essay Example n in the following lines: â€Å"A light fringe of snow lay like a cape on the shoulders of his overcoat and like toecaps on the toes of his goloshes; and, as the buttons of his overcoat slipped with a squeaking noise through the snow- stiffened frieze, a cold fragrant air from out-of-doors escaped from crevices and folds†. There are other common allusions to the near freezing Dublin weather in which the story is set. The instance when Gretta Conroy, Gabriel’s wife caught cold infection is again a literal citing of the word â€Å"cold†. The sole occasion when â€Å"cold† was used in the metaphorical sense is when Gabriel replies unenthusiastically to Gretta that â€Å"You can go if you like, said Gabriel coldly†. Talking of the dark aspects of the story, in the context of Gabriel’s address to the gathering, he mentions how â€Å"our path through life is strewn with many sad memories† and continues in a morbid tone, how â€Å"were we to brood upon them always we could not find the heart to go on bravely with our work among the living" and further in the narrative he says â€Å"His soul had approached that region where dwelt the vast hosts of the dead†. This poignant remembrance of his own past had shaken up his composure. Gabriel had now been overwhelmed by a sense of losing his love and the pain associated with it. Joyce depicts the state he is in with the following dark imagery: â€Å"into a grey impalpable world", "all the living and the dead". As for the â€Å"light† in The Dead, there are again two interpretations – one is light as in humor and frivolity the other is insight or revelation. There are plenty of instances of both cases. Phrases such as â€Å"laughing very heartily†, â€Å"There was a great deal of confusion and laughter and noise†, â€Å"The table burst into applause and laughter at this sally†, â€Å"She laughed herself this time good-humouredly†, etc represent the light-hearted elements in the narrative. Light as brightness can be seen in

The Social, Ethical, and Economic Implications of the Human Genome Term Paper - 1

The Social, Ethical, and Economic Implications of the Human Genome Project for Society - Term Paper Example Social implications include major advances in medical treatments, but also changes in people’s attitudes and behavior due to new procedures like testing when symptoms arise or screening before any disease symptoms are apparent. Ethical issues include balancing individual interests against the interests of others, and such considerations as potentially racist applications and unforeseen consequences of information which gene-related activities can produce. Some of the most critical issues such as privacy and the desire not to know are highlighted. Financial implications for society at large, private companies and for individuals are explored. Finally, there is the assessment of the extent to which the Frankenstein metaphor applies to this project. The paper concludes that the Human Genome Project is an extremely powerful resource which can be used for good or evil purposes and that we have resolved some but by no means all, of the major ethical issues that it brings. The Human Genome Project promises a revolutionary insight into the genetic â€Å"blueprint† of the human body. Consider the social, ethical, and economic implications of this project for society and the potential for applications of this research. Genetic engineering is a relatively new science, which rests on the pioneering work of Gregor Mendel on the garden pea, leading to the formulation of Mendel’s laws in 1866. (Thomas, 2003 pp. 1-3). It was only some fifty years later that the true significance of his discoveries was realized.  

Greed of Capitalists Essay Example for Free

Greed of Capitalists Essay In The Grapes of Wrath, the author, John Steinbeck utilizes intercalary chapters to portray the calamity and desolation that wandering farmers faced in Oklahoma during the Great Depression. Steinbeck employs chronic symbols, motifs, and specific narrative intervals to connect each intercalary chapter with its neighboring narrative counterparts in order to unify and strengthen the dominant themes of the novel. The intercalary episodes highlight perseverance of the Okies, the greed of capitalists, and the inhumanity of many who belittle the displaced families from Oklahoma. Despite the predicament of the meager farmers, Steinbeck provides his readers with a sense of hope through the respect for survivors and the tough pioneer spirit. Steinbeck highlights the perseverance of the Okies, in Chapters One and Three, through the turtle’s continuous struggle across the highway and the men’s resilient attitudes following tragedy. The turtle represents all the migrant workers that are evicted from their homes and fall victim to the hostile environment yet continue to persist through their journey, especially the Joads. The turtle in its attempt to make it through life â€Å"[boosts] and [drags] his shell along† representing the slow but determined traveling of the workers. In the same way that life becomes more difficult for the Okies, the hills get steeper for the turtle and â€Å"more frantic† grow its efforts (15). The Joads’ strong willed determination to make it to California provides a sense of hope that although it will be difficult and some person seeking the enjoyment of mocking one who is worse off than he is, may â€Å"[swerve] to hit [them]† their fortitude will result in triumph. In Chapter One the winds come and dust covers the lands demolishing all the crops. The women and children looked to see if the men would â€Å"break† knowing that as long as he stood firm â€Å"no misfortune was too great to bear.† The men remained relentless revealing the persistent nature of the Okies. Steinbeck demonstrates the injustice done unto the Okies, in Chapters Five and Seven, through the property owners and used car salesmen. In Chapter Five the owner men came to the Okies land to tell them they had to leave, the land was getting to be poor and they were unable to pay their taxes. The farmers protest, claiming that they have been on this land for generations and that they will have nowhere to go; they are told to go to California where there are many opportunities to make money. These families represent the Joads being kicked off their land by â€Å"the bank—the monster [who] has to have profits all the time†¦ When the monster stops growing, it dies. It can’t stay one size† (92). Steinbeck describes the greed and injustice of the â€Å"monster† with a tone of complete and utter antipathy revealing the lack of feelings and desensitization towards the suffering the farmers were being subject to. Later when the farmers choose to stay, the bank sends a man with a tractor to force the Okies off their land. The heartless man controlling the tractor seems to become a part of the machine, destroying any human sensitivity becoming incapable of intercession he does not even â€Å"look like a man† but rather he looks like â€Å"a robot in the seat† (94). The man blinded by greed chooses to forget his friends and convince himself that there is â€Å"no call to worry about anybody’s kids but [one’s] own.† The young man is willing to betray his community for a comfortable life, explaining to the tenant that he must knock down the tenant’s house, â€Å"got to keep the lines straight.† Tommy discovers, upon arriving home, that the same thing has happened to his old house. The connection between the two stories transfers a sense of sympathy towards the tenant farmers, and anger towards the inhumanity of the driver, to the story of the Joads. In chapter seven Steinbeck highlights the injustice done to the Okies by describing the used car salesman and the way he tricked tenant farmers out of excessive amounts of money. The tenant farmers, new to the world of salesmen, don’t have a choice to be without a car and are forced to ignore the fact that they are being sold a run down car for a price that far exceeds the amount it is worth. The chapter is written in a singsong melodic format in order to symbolize the bounce of a car rolling down the road, quick-paced and crude. Throughout the chapter a car salesman and his assistant utilize the lack of knowledge and desperation of the evacuees to force them into deals by complaining that they’re â€Å"taking up [their] time then walking out† on the deal. The disrespect and blasphemy of the salesmen creates more sympathy for the Okies and anger towards those who choose to exploit them. When the Joads go to sell they’re whole lives they are only give eighteen dollars, a very low price compared to what they deserved. The appalling situations that the Okies are found in combined with the malicious manner with which those who are better off treat them causes the readers to feel compassion for the ex-tenants. The ninth chapter of the book describes a family being forced to leave, and take with them only that which they can carry. Another family comes to buy the house and begins to pick through the once precious belongings of the owners. They sell what they can of the tenant’s past and burn the rest. All the while the tenant’s are crying out â€Å"How can we live without our lives? How will we know it’s us without our past? No. Leave it. Burn it.† After watching their belongings go up in flames the Okies no longer have a desire to stay and choose to leave their old life behind and drive on. Being forced to watch their personal belongings burn without a morsel of understanding from the buyers causes the readers to feel sorrow for the Okies. The Okies encounter many people on their journey to California, some who work to improve life for everyone. The Joads however tend to come across people who are greedy and only seek to better themselves, not caring who they hurt in the process. Steinbeck writes his novel in this way to develop his main point that greed and capitalism is causing the dehumanization in America. He is creating a passion in his readers to stand up against the longing for wealth and ease and start helping others even when it may not be best for you. Steinbeck hopes to awaken humanity in America and fight against the black whole of greed. Americans must heed to his novel and apply it to today’s society as much as they would have in Steinbeck’s period.

Essay --

â€Å"Vision without hard work is just dreaming. Hard work without vision is just wasting time but hard work along with vision creates wonders.† This famous saying has been the ‘Divine Force’ throughout my life, helping me to lead the way to a successful track. Right from my childhood I was captivated by the power of electronics that has been influencing human life. I always thought of its possibility and this curiosity motivated me to learn more about the functioning of the electronic devices. The all time fascinating cell phones attracted and created interest in me towards learning the possible ways of communication that takes place with the help of Satellites. The enthusiastic I was eager to know about the concept behind their functioning and in due course of time the basic questions were answered but many new complex questions started haunting me and so is the reason for me to take up Electronics as my stream during the term of under graduation. During my schooling, I had special interest towards Mathematics and Science. The first sense of my achievement came when I stood among the top two students of my school in the Secondary School Examination (10th standard). I secured 92.16 percentage (%) and scored 97 on a scale of 100 in Mathematics. My predilection for Mathematics prompted me to opt Physics, Chemistry and Math, as my major subjects in the Higher Secondary Examination (10+2) where I worked even harder and could complete it with an aggregate of 89.6 Percentage (%) . I always felt that Engineering would be the right area for me to survey, learn and understand the fundamentals of science in order to create and enhance even the petty aspects of technology and sue for its application both in practical and real purposes. So I had... ...truly shape myself into a professional to reach your standards. It is my desire rather than coincidence that I apply to your university and I believe that I would be a suitable applicant for Research work in the university since I’ve always been inclined towards practical tasks and also exhibits the everlasting quest to learn more all the time. In return, I assure that the university will find me a student, who would contribute to the excellent track record. My admission to your university will provide me to move towards my career objectives. I can perform to my best and meet the high standards set by your university. I request you kindly to consider me for any form of financial assistance, as it would be of great help to me. In an anticipation that you would consider my request so as to pursue my higher education in a well equipped and reputed University as yours.

The Evident Existence of Races

Many sociologists believe that ‘races† do not exist therefore have to find alternative groupings to study racism or patterns of racial disadvantage in the United Kingdom. There exist many differing theories but no finite method of determining the true cause of racism. This dissertation will outline the different theories used by sociologists and attempt to show the patterns of ethnic disadvantage present in Britain. Racism is thought by many to be the notion that some ethnic groups are naturally superior to others. The Oxford Dictionary†s definition of the word ‘race† is ‘ A group of persons of common stock† ‘Human abilities are determined by â€Å"race†Ã¢â‚¬ . Although ‘Race† and Racism are defined in the oxford dictionary sociologists claim that ‘races† do not exist. They have considered the work of human biologists who in turn have studied the genes of many individuals that are said to be associated with different ‘races†. The results of these studies show that there is no distinctive gene that defines which ‘race† a person belongs to. Blood groups have been examined and results show that while some ‘races† have higher tendencies to certain blood types, no one ‘race† has been found to have one particular blood type unique to their origin. Due to there being no conclusive biological evidence biologists refer to different ‘races† as different populations. Any cultural differences are said to be ethnic differences, not differences in race. There is a belief that if ‘race† does not exist then sociologists can†t rightfully use the term in their study of different populations. It is due to this belief that they must find alternative ways of analysing population differences. The history of ‘race† is important to examine in the attempt to show why ordinary people, known as actors, still think that ‘race† exists. Racism is thought to have always existed. The Romans considered slaves as being inferior to themselves, but there has been no scientific evidence to support claims of superiority. In the early 18th century until early in the 19th century there was a progressive belief that there was basic similarity between all men, that social differences were due to the environment. This view was overridden by the rise of scientific racism where all social differences found previously were labelled and explained as ‘natural†. But again ‘race† has never been a scientific concept. It was due to this that in the 20th century political/moral reasons forced scientific racism into decline and was eventually replaced by cultural racism, which shares the same beliefs. Racism is thought to be a set of beliefs and racial discrimination the set of practices that are synonymous with these beliefs. There are several contrasting views of racism and racial discrimination. The functionalist model looks upon it via the perspective of ‘race† relations, that racism exists due to the creation of bad relations between ‘races†. Due to ‘race† not existing, functionalists study situations that are apparent in society. They look at events which actors define as racial, and by this expedient they examine the processes of racialism. John Rex a radical weberian believes in the conflictional view that competition over scarce resources in different markets is the cause of conflict between Afro-Caribbean†s, Asians and whites in relation to employment and housing (Bulmer et al, 1999:335). He say†s that it is not due to the lower wages which ethnic minorities receive. The Marxist perspective focuses on labour relations. An ideology masking contradiction of capital between capitals† need for free labour and nationalism. Robert Miles, a hard line Marxist believes that class is the determining factor and all inequalities derive from class inequalities. Miles is very much alone in his claim but gives the example of the white working class fearing immigrants due to a rise in unemployment levels and a decline in standard of living. However, Miles states that the immigrants were not the cause of this. He claims that capitalism was. He states many find this hard to see because: ‘We are offered definitions and theories of racism which are so specific to the history of overseas colonisation (that is specific to the domination of ‘white† over ‘black† as so many writers express it) that they are of little value in explaining any other non-colonial) context† (Miles, R (Bulmer et al, 1999:344)) Another Marxist theory focuses on wider relations. ‘Race† has no reality but can be used in analysis, this theory is concerned with racial politics and how they may be independent of class. Marxists who follow this belief say that groupings and conflicts intersect, and may not actually be connected with class. With the term ‘race† being seen as invalid by many people the question has arisen. Are we better to talk about ethnicity rather that ‘race†? Ethnicity is a sense of identity to a group that shares a common history. Ethnic groups are also held together by ties of language, culture and group spirit that are now referred to as nationalism. There are also territorial ties, although many ethnic groups had previously left their homeland they still share a common geographical link. The term ethnicity is often confused with ‘race†, again when talking about ethnicity there have never been boundaries whether cultural or geographical that clearly states the limits of ethnic groups, even though many believe ethnicity is naturally determined. The idea that ethnicity is ‘natural† is said to be ‘wrong†. Ethnic differences are cultural, we all have an identity, though we may not always be conscious of it. There has recently been a revival of ethnic differences followed by reactions to discrimination and racial disadvantage. An example of this is Afro-Caribbean†s beliefs of what Britain would be able to offer them, these beliefs have changed due to certain types of discrimination and disadvantage. Cultural and religious issues can now be seen as more significant than economic inequalities. There are however some problems with ethnicity. Emphasis is placed on difference and cultural issues of power and inequality, therefore, ethnic groups may be seen to be fixed racial groups with another identity. Racial disadvantage in the United Kingdom is visible in many different areas of the community. Employment, education and crime are just a few examples. Throughout employment, horizontal segmentation can be seen to be apparent via clustering. Ethnic minorities are more likely to work for themselves, graduates from these backgrounds tend to do relatively badly, many Asians are self-employed and Afro-Caribbean†s are largely recruited to the private sector. This shows that ethnic or racial factors are involved in stratification in Britain. Within the generalisation that, ethnic minorities are treated less equally, individual successes and inter-group variations are present. This is shown by vertical segmentation, Afro-Caribbean†s being placed at lower levels of employment than Asians. When the ‘The Race Relations Act ‘ was amended in 1976 The Commission for Racial Equality was established to promote racial harmony. This was to try to counter the acts which had been enforced prior to the Race Relations Act of 1965. Such acts, for instance, as the British Nationality Act 1948 and the Commonwealth Act 1962 which where more concerned with restricting immigration than trying to promote good ‘race† relations. In the context of the recruitment of employees, the Race Relations Act 1976 stated that it is unlawful to discriminate: By a company giving racial instructions to a personnel officer or an employment agency. In relation to terms of pay. By rejecting an applicant or refusing to consider him for the post on the basis of race. These laws were enacted in order to try to increase equality in employment. As a mechanism to bring about change to employment rights the Commission for Racial Equality has made extensive recommendations to successive governments including a move to make ethnic monitoring compulsory for all employers with an excess workforce of 250. In the belief that ethnic monitoring is essential for progressing to racial equality. Racial disadvantage has also been found to be present in the theatre of education. Before 1973 it was known that white pupils topped the performance list with Asians and Afro Caribbean†s coming further down. The differences in levels of performance were considered to be related to the duration of the pupils† stay in the UK. Newcomers would have experienced problems adapting to a new way of living and may even have encounter communication problems. Moving on to early 1970†³s – 1980†³s the focus of discrimination in education moved to examine the effects of class and the school at which they enrolled. It was found that ethnic minorities are more likely to go to an underachieving school than their white counterparts due to their class framework, lower income and location. Curriculum was also thought to be a cause of the poor academic findings relating to ethnic minorities. The syllabus that the schools were offering was not relevant to children from ethnic backgrounds, a ‘white curriculum† concentrated on ‘white history† and the history of Britain. This was modified to give a wider education on the history of ethnic countries in an attempt to make studies more relative for ethnic minorities. With these problems tackled, education monitoring in the 1980†³s showed children from ethnic backgrounds to be improving at a faster rate than white children of the same age. Schools support the right of all children to receive quality education and fair treatment. The governing body of education aims to ensure that no one receives less favourable treatment on the grounds of race or any other social/cultural labels. It is believed that racism can be learned from an early age but to control this unwanted learning the children must be taught respect for other people in-order that they might learn ‘rights from wrongs† ‘If segregation of the sexes or races prevails, if authoritarianism and hierarchy dominate the system the child cannot help but learn that power and status are dominant factors in human relationships†¦.If the teacher and the children are each respected units, the lesson for respect for the person will easily register† The Race Relations Act of 1976 again places barriers on education by stating that; ‘By excluding a pupil from the establishment or by treating him unfavourably in any other way† is unlawful. Now in higher education a higher percentage of ethnic children stay on after 16 years old. This is encouraging but fewer now enrol at university, on academic courses and more drop out. This however can no longer be explained due to lack of adjustment since most were born here and therefore need no time to adjust to the a new community or learn a new language. Within the Criminal Justice System racial discrimination also exists. It is understood that black people are far worse off at every stage of law enforcement. They are more likely to be stopped by Police, charged with serious offence, prosecuted, convicted, and imprisoned. They are less likely to be given lenient treatment for example, fined, put on probation, or allowed bail. It has been declared that in 1997 the United Kingdom had one of the highest levels of racist orientated attacks in Europe, and that 1 in 3 British citizens classed themselves as racist (Thompson B., Roots of poison). Racial hatred and prejudice is an example of extremism, when cultural differences start being connected to ‘race† a persistent hatred can occur. Racism, it is argued, is a specific form of discrimination usually associated with skin colour and ethnicity. It involves the use of power of one group over another. When this power is unequal it enables those that share a particular culture to deny others access to opportunities, hence treat them in a racist way. As well as being more inclined to be the perpetrators of crimes, ethnic minorities are also prone to be the victims. These crimes are not however due to ethnic background but are due to the social background of their class. Despite this, people are sometimes ignorant to this fact and state that ethnic crimes are more apparent because they are of an inferior race. A Report by Sir William Macpherson that examined the Lawrence case (in which it was claimed that the police neglected their job because the victim was ‘black†), was published on 24th February 1999. In the report, which was presented to the Government and to the Home Office, McPherson revealed that the problems, which occurred during the case, were the result of Institutional Racism defined as; ‘The collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture or ethnic origin† It was said that institutional racism can not be used in the labeling of individuals but must be a label that is associated with the organization as a whole. It is due to the finding of racial disadvantage, that the police have set up ‘Operation Athena† to tackle the problems outlined in the report. The operation aims to improve prevention, awareness, communication, response and the identification of needs in the context of ethnic minorities. The three examples of employment, education and crime are only a selection of the sectors of the community that show racial disadvantage. Although there is no finite definition of ‘race† there has been continual work to improve the social conditions for ethnic minorities. It is hoped that in the future there will be racial harmony between all populations and that ‘true† equality will be gained.

City or Countryside

In my opinion, one has not experienced life until one has lived in the city. There is so much to see and experience in the bright lights of the city that you cannot get in the countryside. Here in the city, you can learn about how to get along with people of different types, encounter varied situations and solve problems. All these help a person to grow in maturity. After all, experience is the best teacher. In the countryside, however, you only move around people you are used to. So, you seldom encounter strangers or new and demanding situations.Life is more mundane and routine-like. Staying in a secure, safe place does not allow for one to gain new experiences and grow in maturity. Furthermore, young people need a life that is exciting and pleasurable. It is the city that offers you entertainment- cinemas, parks and eating places. Here you can hang out with friends and family members. Life as fast-paced and this keeps you active and alert all times. And when it comes to educational opportunities, the city abounds in this. There are good school and libraries that are necessary for your mental development.Furthermore, there are places like museums and educational centres where you can go, to increase your knowledge. Such places that offer you entertainment or learning opportunities are of course not available in the countryside. For entertainment, there is only the occasional festive celebration or marriage feast or fishing outing. Some may find this appealing but not me. Moreover, opportunities to widen your knowledge are limited in the countryside. Another point in support of living in the city is the available of jobs.In the city, you can find a job that suits your qualification or interest. If you find a job unsuitable, you can always move to another. This, naturally, increases your earning power and you have better chances of a more comfortable life. Of course, one may argue that one can live in the countryside and work in the city but this will only incur extra expenses and unnecessary inconveniences. Thus, for all the reasons mentioned above, I think that life in the city is better than living in the countryside. After all, you are young only once.

The Role of Bells Theorem in Quantum Physics

The Role of Bells Theorem in Quantum Physics Bells Theorem was devised by Irish physicist John Stewart Bell (1928-1990) as a means of testing whether or not particles connected through quantum entanglement communicate information faster than the speed of light. Specifically, the theorem says that no theory of local hidden variables can account for all of the predictions of quantum mechanics. Bell proves this theorem through the creation of Bell inequalities, which are shown by experiment to be violated in quantum physics systems, thus proving that some idea at the heart of local hidden variables theories has to be false. The property which usually takes the fall is locality - the idea that no physical effects move faster than the ​speed of light. Quantum Entanglement In a situation where you have two particles, A and B, which are connected through quantum entanglement, then the properties of A and B are correlated. For example, the spin of A may be 1/2 and the spin of B may be -1/2, or vice versa. Quantum physics tells us that until a measurement is made, these particles are in a superposition of possible states. The spin of A is both 1/2 and -1/2. (See our article on the Schroedingers Cat thought experiment for more on this idea. This particular example with particles A and B is a variant of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox, often called the EPR Paradox.) However, once you measure the spin of A, you know for sure the value of Bs spin without ever having to measure it directly. (If A has spin 1/2, then Bs spin has to be -1/2. If A has spin -1/2, then Bs spin has to be 1/2. There are no other alternatives.) The riddle at the heart of Bells Theorem is how that information gets communicated from particle A to particle B. Bells Theorem at Work John Stewart Bell originally proposed the idea for Bells Theorem in his 1964 paper On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen paradox. In his analysis, he derived formulas called the Bell inequalities, which are probabilistic statements about how often the spin of particle A and particle B should correlate with each other if normal probability (as opposed to quantum entanglement) were working. These Bell inequalities are violated by quantum physics experiments, which means that one of his basic assumptions had to be false, and there were only two assumptions that fit the bill - either physical reality or locality was failing. To understand what this means, go back to the experiment described above. You measure particle As spin. There are two situations that could be the result - either particle B immediately has the opposite spin, or particle B is still in a superposition of states. If particle B is affected immediately by the measurement of particle A, then this means that the assumption of locality is violated. In other words, somehow a message got from particle A to particle B instantaneously, even though they can be separated by a great distance. This would mean that quantum mechanics displays the property of non-locality. If this instantaneous message (i.e., non-locality) doesnt take place, then the only other option is that particle B is still in a superposition of states. The measurement of particle Bs spin should, therefore, be completely independent of the measurement of particle A, and the Bell inequalities represent the percent of the time when the spins of A and B should be correlated in this situation. Experiments have overwhelmingly shown that the Bell inequalities are violated. The most common interpretation of this result is that the message between A and B is instantaneous. (The alternative would be to invalidate the physical reality of Bs spin.) Therefore, quantum mechanics seems to display non-locality. Note: This non-locality in quantum mechanics only relates to the specific information that is entangled between the two particles - the spin in the above example. The measurement of A cannot be used to instantly transmit any sort of other information to B at great distances, and no one observing B will be able to tell independently whether or not A was measured. Under the vast majority of interpretations by respected physicists, this does not allow communication faster than the speed of light.

Biography of Moses, Leader of the Abrahamic Religions

Biography of Moses, Leader of the Abrahamic Religions Moses, if he existed, likely lived in Egypt during the dynastic New Kingdom, and he was an early leader of the Hebrews and one of the most important figures in Judaism. He is a significant patriarch of all the Abrahamic religions, those who use the Torah, Christian Old Testament, or Quran as sacred texts. Fast Facts: Moses Known For: Patriarch of the Torah, Christian Old Testament, and QuranBorn: Land of Goshen, New Kingdom, EgyptParents: Yocheved and AmramDied: Mount Nebo, MoabSpouse(s): Adoniah or Tharbis, an Ethiopian princess; Tzipporah the MidianiteChildren: From Tzipporah, Gershom and Eliezer. Early Life If there was a historical man named Moses, he would most likely have been born in Egypt (the Land of Goshen) during the reign of Ramses II (ruled 1279–1213 BCE), the pharaoh of the New Kingdoms 19th dynasty. According to the Torah, Moses was the youngest of three children born to Yocheved (sometimes spelled Jochebed) and Avram. Yocheved was the daughter of Levi; she married Avram, a grandson of Levi, which means Yocheved was also Avrams aunt. Moses siblings were Aaron (the founder of the Hebraic priestly dynasty) and Miriam (an important prophetess). Pharaohs Curse Not much else is available on Avram or Yocheved in the Torah itself, but Midrashim records- ancient rabbinical commentaries on the Torah- say that Yocheved was 130 years old when Moses was born and that Avram divorced Yocheved while she was pregnant, so that their son Moses would escape the pharaohs decree. According to Exodus, the pharaoh of Egypt decreed that all Hebrew boy babies were to be drowned at birth. Yocheved hid her newborn son for 3 months and then placed her baby in a wicker basket in the Nile River reeds. The baby cried and was rescued by one of the pharaohs daughters, who kept the baby. This legend is similar to one in the Mesopotamian story of Gilgamesh, when the Sumerian king Sargon I was placed in a reed basket and floated down the Euphrates river. In the Court of the Pharaoh Moses sister, the prophetess Miriam, knew what would occur and was watching when the daughter of the pharaoh took the baby. Miriam came forward to ask the princess if she would like a Hebrew wet nurse for the infant. When the princess agreed, Miriam fetched Yocheved. Moses grew up in the palace as an adopted son of the pharaohs daughter (identified the Midrash as Queen Bithia), but he went to see his own people when he grew up, and as an adult he may have been a governor working for Ramses II. During Ramses IIs reign, Ethiopia was an Egyptian province with an Egyptian governor named Mesui, who some scholars suggest was Moses. While in Ethiopia, Moses married an Ethiopian princess named Tharbis or Adonais. When he witnessed an overseer beating a Hebrew, Moses struck the Egyptian and killed him, with the beaten Hebrew as a witness. The pharaoh learned that Moses was the murderer and ordered his execution. Moses fled to the land of Midian, where he married Tzipporah, daughter of Jethro. Their sons were Gershom and Eliezer. A Burning Bush In the land of Midian, Moses was tending a flock of sheep for his father-in-law when he saw a bush that was burning but not being consumed by the flames. He approached the bush and first an angel and then God (or more properly Yahweh) himself spoke to him, telling him that he must return to Egypt and shepherd the Israelites out to Canaan, their promised land of milk and honey. Moses was convinced when Yahweh changed his staff to a snake, then gave him a new staff with which to lead his people. Moses returned to Egypt to seek the release of the Hebrews and to bring them to Canaan, but when he approached the pharaoh, Ramses refused to release the Hebrews. In retaliation, Yahweh imposed a series of 10 plagues, the last being the killing the firstborn of every Egyptian. Only after suffering through the beginning of the tenth plague did the pharaoh relent, telling Moses he could take the Hebrews out of Egypt. However, after Moses and the Hebrews left, the pharaoh reversed his decision and had his men follow them. When they reached the Red Sea, Moses used his staff to part the waters and allow the Israelites to pass through the seabed. The Egyptian soldiers also entered the dry seabed, but once the Israelites had safely crossed Moses lifted his arms: the sea closed, and the Egyptian army was drowned. The Biblical Exodus During the 40-year journey of the Hebrews from Egypt to Canaan, Moses went to Mount Sinai to fast and commune with Yahweh for 40 days. There, he received the 10 Commandments from Yahweh. While Moses was gone, his followers including Aaron became nervous that he would not return and built a golden calf. Moses told Yahweh that his followers had begun to leave and Yahweh wanted to kill them, but Moses dissuaded him. But, when Moses saw the actual calf and altar he was so angry he hurled and shattered the two tablets holding the 10 Commandments; Moses made two more tablets and Yahweh inscribed them again. When the people complained they needed food in the desert, Yahweh fed the Israelites with manna, a substance white like coriander seed and tasted like wafers made with honey that rained down from the heavens, and quail. Death Near the end of the 40 years, Yahweh informed Moses that only the new generation of Israelites would enter Canaan, and for that reason, Moses would never see the Promised Land. Moses climbed Mt. Abarim and saw Canaan on the horizon, but that was as close as he would come. Moses chose Joshua as the successor, and, at the ripe old age of 120, Moses climbed Mt. Nebo and died. Who was Moses? Much of this tale is legendary and full of miracles, the stuff of ancient religion. But the role of Moses in the Bible, to Jews, Christians, and Moslems, is rich and complex beyond the miracles. He is seen by all three as the leader of the Israelite people who shepherded them out of Egypt. He is the embodiment of Mosaic law- the one who interceded with Yahweh on behalf of his people, and the one who acted as a judge on behalf of the sacred. He was a teacher and the founder of the cult and sanctuary of the ancient Hebraic religion. The last four books of the Torah- Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy- are primarily dedicated to the life and activities of Moses and his people. Exodus starts with the birth of Moses and Deuteronomy ends with his death and burial by Yahweh. Early interpretations of that circumstance suggested that Moses himself wrote the books of the Torah (or received them direct from Yahweh). Modern biblical scholars mostly agree that the five books were redacted from four independently written documents written long after Moses would have died. The Ptolemaic-era Egyptian historian Manetho mentions Moses- again, long after Mosess death. There are other late historical references in the writings of the Roman historians Josephus, Philo, Apion, Strabo, Tacitus, and Porphyry. His story is told in the Bible in the book of Exodus and the ancient commentaries on the biblical text known as the midrashim. As Musa, he is also is a significant prophet in the Quran. Biblical scholar J. Van Seters, said it best, The quest for the historical Moses is a futile exercise. He now belongs only to legend. Sources Feldman, Louis H. Josephus Portrait of Moses. The Jewish Quarterly Review 82.3/4 (1992): 285–328.Josephus Portrait of Moses: Part Two. The Jewish Quarterly Review 83.1/2 (1992): 7–50.Nigosian, S. A. Moses as They Saw Him. Vetus Testamentum 43.3 (1993): 339–50.Robinson, Marilynne. Moses. Salmagundi 121/122 (1999): 23-46.RÃ ¶mer, Thomas. Moses Outside the Torah and the Construction of a Diaspora Identity. The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 8.15 (2008): 1–12.Van Seters, John. Moses. The Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed. Eliade, Mircea. New York: Macmillan, 1987. 116.Wineman, Aryeh. Between Person and Metaphor: Moses in the Hasidic Homily-Literature. Hebrew Studies 59 (2018): 209–20.

Los Angeles lab report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Los Angeles lab report - Essay Example The test of reference is done on the fraction size 10/14mm. In order to understand the operation of the Los Angeles test, an experiment was set to determine the resistance to fragmentation. Apparatus The apparatus that would be used in this experiment include: Los Angeles Machine Recycled Concrete Aggregate Scale Tray Sieve Method. A 5kg of Recycled Concrete Aggregate was introduced in the cylinder via a hatch. The thecharge of eleven steel balls, with each ranging between 45mm and 49mm in diameter, while weighing in totallity between 4690g to 4860g was also added. The hatch lid was bolted in place with the cylinder being rotated about 500 revolutions at a given rate of 31 to 33 RPM (Revolution Per Minute). The machine was operated in a soundproofed cabinet. A built-in counter stopped the machine after 500 revolutions. The hatch was opened, and the contents of the cylinder were emptied into trays set underneath the opening. The balls were removed and the aggregate was sieved using a 1.6mm sieve. For the fraction that was retained on the sieve, was weighed. The result, the Los Angeles Coefficient, was calculated using . All the data collected was recorded in table 1. Table 1: Data collected. Type of aggregate Recycled Concrete Aggregate Initial mass of sample (g) 5000 Mass retained on the 1.6mm sieve (g) 3790 g Type of aggregate Thames Aggregate Initial mass of sample (g) 5000 Mass retained on the 1.6mm sieve (g) 3943 Calculations The Los Angeles Coefficient, LA, was calculated as follows: Aggregate with a LA value of less than 30 (LA30) is considered strong enough for use in coating and road surface treatments (i.e. surface dressing). For example, a faulty scale or a faulty Los Angeles machine may automatically affect the readings of the experiment. It is recommended that for experimental errors to be reduced the following steps should be followed. During the experiment one should ensure that at least three readings for a particular step are taken then an avera ge of the reading obtained to minimize the errors of parallax. The experiment needs to be done at least twice to confirm the recorded values and minimize the errors. The Los Angeles Machine and all the apparatus used for the experiment should always be checked before the start of the experiment to ascertain their efficiency (BS 1377-4, 1990). The experiment could also be done in an area with vacuum conditions in order to minimize the interferences in obtaining the readings demonstrated to air resistance. Whenever the capacitor is by-passed by an emitter, and capacitance of the coupled capacitor is large in regards to the AC frequency signal, the capacitors would be approximated as a circuit that is short (BS EN 1097-2, 1998). Whenever the input signal or voltage is increased the output voltage and the signal would be further vary around the dc bias point that has been established (Highways Agency , 2009). This effect would continue up to when the limiting condition of the voltage is reached. For the current in the circuit, the limiting condition would be VCC/RC, at the end, considered to be high, and a zero at the end considered to be low of the swing. The voltage of the emitter collector and the supply limit reaches a limit when they have a zero and VCC. Additionally, the voltage output and the varying current around the point of bias gives out ac power towards the load (Highways Agency, 2009). The delivered ac power is made to go through the load referred to as RC. AC signal, on

The first temple period Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The first temple period - Essay Example Later, the rise and the invasions of the Babylonian empire, which eventually led to the destruction of the First Temple in the 6th century BCE, had brought about even more social changes and climaxed into a complete crisis of faith for the Israelites' religion, which was unprecedented. At the start of the First Temple Period, when Jerusalem was ruled by King David and Solomon, people tended to be faithful to one and only one God, the God who had blessed Abraham and his descendents. Alongside Jerusalem was also an independent regional power. However, invasions from foreign empires completely demolished Jerusalem's importance in the area and deeply affected almost all aspect of the people's lifestyles, especially social structures and their religious outlook. To understand the effects of foreign invasions on Jerusalem and on the ancient Israelites living there, one needs to go through the history of the Israelites in Jerusalem. The Israelites were associated with Jerusalem ever since the historical conquest of this place in 1000 BCE by King David as described in the second book of Samuel (NRSV, 2 Samuel 5:6-10). It is mentioned in the book that King David acquired control of the city of Zion. In addition, the accounts in the first book of Chronicles tell us that it was Joab, a kinsman of David, who led the war against Jerusalem (1 Chronicles 2: 4-8). Thus the conquest of Jerusalem helped unite the northern Israelite tribe with the southern Israelite tribe because Jerusalem, which was inhabited by the alien Jebusites, was the only physical barrier separating the two tribes (Kenyon 1967: 54). The unification of the two tribes strengthened the power of the Israelites and allowed for their expansions. Known for his ability to wage war, King David defeated a lot of neighboring cities and extended his control far beyond the limits of Jerusalem, and made thus conquered neighboring cities to pay tribute to him (Burke 2007: 1/12). He sent his forces east across Jordan as far as Damascus and Zobah, and subdued the Ammonites, Moabites, Edomites, and Amalekites. During King David's reign, the Israelites were in control of territories running from Kadesh in Syria to Ezion-geber at the head of the Gulf of Aqabah (Orlinsky 1964: 61). Even the Phoenicians agreed to provide the Israelites with skilled engineers and craftsmen in return for their protection (Orlinsky 1964: 63). King David 's son Solomon, who is famed for his wisdom, kept up the diplomatic relationship with the other cities that were begun by his father. Thus under Solomon's reign, Jerusalem returned to more peace and had strong trading links with its neighbors. Solomon even perfected and extended the administrative organization installed by his father (1 Kings 4), an d was, thus, able to collect more taxes and recruit more labor (Orlinsky 1964: 72). Solomon also built the Temple on the Temple Mount, which later became the center of faith and acted as the axis mundi, connecting the heaven, the earth, and the underworld. The periods ruled by King David and King Solomon are still considered as the golden ages of Jerusalem. It was a great achievement that in mere fifty years, David and Solomon had built the kingdom of Israel from out of a loose tribe, creating an administrative organization, although this kingdom did not last very long (Kenyon 1967: 58). It was during the

Planning of natural Hazards and Natural disasters Essay

Planning of natural Hazards and Natural disasters - Essay Example Planning systems and techniques ought to be improved considering that the magnitude of some hazards can be altered by the effects of climate change. Planning for natural hazards is of vital essence as it can decrease the potential for damage, injury or even loss of life when a disaster occurs. Sufficient information has been put in circulation regarding preparing for natural disasters. Economists around the world have studied their long term repercussions while NGOs and governments have contemplated various mitigation practices. Scientists have evaluated the ability to improve warning systems; while planners and engineers have attempted to conquer the weaknesses of buildings and infrastructure. All these measures have been put in place with an aim of planning for disasters. However, the process of mitigating natural disasters is much more complex. Most people mainly associate natural hazards and disasters with natural causes whose occurrence cannot be prevented. However, environmenta l degradation can also trigger or even worsen some disasters. Most of these environmental challenges are associated with the outward spread of urban development. For instance, deforestation results in an increase in surface run-off concentration causing flooding as well as destabilized slopes which results devastating landslides. Empirical evidence advocates that countries in which environmental degradation is most severe suffer most from natural disasters. For example, the Nepal floods that occurred in 1993 were mainly as a result of deforestation and change in catchment drainage patterns (Shaw et al 32). Therefore, conservation of the environment can help mitigate the occurrence of these natural disasters. Planning and preparedness is of vital essence for both management and mitigation of natural hazards and disasters. The following report, based on the book The Environmental Planning Handbook for sustainable communities and regions by Tom Daniels and Katherine Daniels, presents a n analysis of how natural hazards and disasters can be prevented, through environmental protection at the local level. According to T. Daniels and K. Daniels (3), the issue of environmental protection is global and depends largely on timely and effective action at the local level. This report explains complex environmental issues and offers guidance to local governments on how to incorporate comprehensive planning into sustainable environmental quality in the local community. Once these guidelines are followed, they will help conserve the environment in the local community and in return help mitigate the occurrence and magnitude of natural hazards and disasters. According to T. Daniels and K. Daniels (11), planning as the process of making choices and organizing resources to achieve the set goals and objectives. Through planning, communities can minimize or even avoid water and air pollution, conversion of both farms and forestlands, loss of wild life as well as the overall degradat ion of the environment. Comprehensive planning refers to preparation of documents aimed at directing the current and future economic and physical development of a local government. Comprehensive planning is a continuous process and sets forth how a community will look, function and grow over a period of between 10 and 20 years (T. Daniels and K. Daniels 12). Environmental Hazards and Disasters The world is fast becoming more susceptible to natural

Comparison of Oral and Written Presentation

Comparison of Oral and Written Presentation RADHIKA SETHI Question Mention two different situations (imaginary) when oral presentations would be more effective than written presentations, reasoning why. Explain different principles for making successful oral business presentations. Answer Presentations mean speaking before public on some formal occasion. It is also known as public speaking. Presentation is done before a select audience. A presentation means â€Å"a formal or set piece occasion with two usual hallmarks- the use of audio visual aids and team work†. In oral presentation an individual is pitted against a group. Therefore careful preparation is necessary for ensuring success in presentation. Need for oral presentation Presenting a new business plan Launching a new product/ service Making a sales proposal Starting a training course Conference Negotiating a business deal Situations where oral presentation is more effective than written presentations 1. Rey company ltd launched its new microwave in a mall. They give an oral presentation to launch its product. They launched their product in front of a large audience gathered at the mall. They used a/v’s to demonstrate the features and usage of the microwave. A lucky draw was conducted to attract the public. People were asked to give direct feedback about the product. The speaker effectively communicated with the audience leading to an advance order of 500 microwaves. 2. A politician in its rally gave an oral presentation to persuade people to elect him. In his presentation he included lots of information from the history what his party did for the general public. Usage of bar graphs and pie charts to provide adequate data to the public. It helped him in presenting the right image for diverse audience. The complex and heterogeneous audience was motivated by his presentation. In both the situations oral presentation is more effective then written presentation because of the following reasons: Oral presentation is flexible where as written presentation is inflexible. A speaker can modify his presentation according to the needs of his audience. It is easier for a speaker to check whether the instruction is clear to the audience or not. One can personally contact his audience which is not possible in written presentation. It is easy to gain attention of the audience in oral presentation where as written presentation may sound boring. For a large number of audiences gathered at one place oral presentation plays a better role. Direct feedback is taken in oral presentations. Principles for Making Successful Oral Business Presentations 1. Purpose of presentation It is useful to make sure of the purpose of the presentation. A presentation usually has one of four basic purposes: (i) to inform, (ii) to persuade, (iii) to encourage, (iv) to entertain. The purposes are not mutually exclusive; a persuasive presentation informs, and surely benefits by entertaining. But the speaker should decide hand, what is to be the main purpose of his presentation, so that the presentation can be properly composed. 2. Audience Research Every communication must be in a form and style which suits the audience. The tone and the matter of the presentation depend on the nature of the audience. Analysing the audience, age group is an important factor. Different age groups respond differently to presentations. Children love to listen to stories and appreciate dramatic presentations Emotions of joy and sorrow can be aroused through stories; ideas have to be built up from familiar surroundings. High school children like to be treated as adults; they can appreciate sincerity and are not very critical. Visual aids are effective. College student (teenaged) audiences are responsive to new ideas; they appreciate an honest, straight forward approach and can be of interests and a progressive attitude; they like new projects. Young adults are the most sophisticated audience, having wide range ideas but are also very critical. Middle-aged audiences are conservative and do not like new ideas; they have more knowledge and experience of life, but they are not enthusiastic about changes or new ides; they listen with interest but do not easily accept. Most old people have no interest in changes at all; they like to be reminded of the good old days, but they are interested in information about what is going on in the world. Besides age, there are other factors which the speaker must know about his audience. Socio-cultural, educational and economic background obviously affect what the audience will understand and accept. Educated people of any age-group are naturally more critical; rich people do not favour social changes, while the poor are interested in change. All the above mentioned factors determine how a speaker should plan oil and do the necessary exercise in collecting, arranging and shaping the material for his or her presentation. He or she should remember what his or her audience expects from him. Effective speaking depends upon the speakers grabbing at sustaining the interest of the audience. He or she should know how to organise his or her matter that the concentration required for understanding a comprehending a specific component of the presentation is put in by the audience. The language component that the speaker makes use of to encode his message thoughts, ideas and views must match the choice, taste, interpretative and analytical acumen of the listeners. The speaker should know that any matter not following these conditions if put across his or her audience will result in the lack trust of the audience †¢ the speaker followed by a lack of concentration and of interest effecting noise and unrest. A speaker remains consc ious of these factors and accordingly prepares his or her material for presentation. 3. Preparation of the Text of the Presentation In the preparation of the subject matter for the presentation the very primary concern of the presentation is the determination of the objectives of the presentation. What as speakers do we want to do? Do we want to persuade the listeners to believe in us or to do what we want? Do we want to teach them what we presume to be taught to them? Do we want to stimulate their thinking by raising issues that require their pondering? Do we want to inform them which we think they should know? Finally, do we want to entertain our audience like a comedian creating humorous elements in our presentation? These are all general objectives of our presentation. However, the text of the presentation itself determines its specific objectives. After preparing the text for the presentation we should check whether it meets the pre-determined objectives or not. A presentation will turn out to be ineffective unless we pay attention to its texture and structure. A presentation should be able to catch the attention of the listeners. This can be done by telling them what they should expect to listen from the speaker. The speaker should start his presentation by giving the plan of his presentation, so that the listeners can follow the sequence. To attract the attention of the listener, a speaker could begin with questions like: Do you know how many people live below the poverty line? Did you read todays newspaper? 4. Structuring the Subject Matter A presentation has three fundamental parts; the introduction, the main body and the conclusion. This kind of structuring of the text of the presentation helps the speaker ways: Establishing the relationships among ideas. Developing the complete argument. Lightening the text as per the time constraint. Providing the audience a grip on the subject matter. Emphasizing the significant ideas of the theme. Stimulating the audience to learn what he or she thinks. Registering the important concepts with the audience. For a forty-five minute presentation a speaker should keep the number of main points to five to six points. After the decision regarding the audience, objectives and the collection of the ideas, the structuring of the text depends upon the time constraint. For providing a clear picture to the audience about the subject matter the speaker has to limit the number of main points to five or six points. Before going to the introduction of the text of the presentation or an oral presentation, we should concentrate on the main body of the text. In fact the composition of the main body determines the nature of introduction as well as the conclusion. 5. Language and Style The style of oral communication is different from the style of written communication, in any language. This difference must be kept in mind while drafting a presentation; the style of a presentation must be as simple and direct as the style of conversation. Words used in common everyday talk are the best for use in a presentation. Besides, the following tips should be considered by the speaker: Some words which are quite suitable for written communication must be avoided in oral communication: French and Latin words and phrases like raison detre, sine qua non, inter alia are likely to cause misunderstanding. Many people mispronounce these phrases, and even if the speaker pronounces them correctly, most people are not sure of their meanings. Technical terms which are understood only by people who belong to particular professions should be avoided. If they are absolutely necessary they should be explained. Words which are likely to give offence to members of the audience should not be used. It must be remembered that a public presentation has an audience beyond the people who are present; the presentation may be reported in the press and may be printed in full in the house magazine. if the speaker uses words like widows, blind, agitators, lame, old maids, or socially unpleasant words, some sections of the audience may feel hurl or displeased. Repeating phrases like as you know, you see, you know, can be irrital Also using the same adjective too many times becomes boring to listen Such mannerisms of presentation must be rigorously avoided. 6. Environment for Speaking while Making Presentation For effective speaking the venue or the place of delivering the presentation plays a very important role. The speaker must be aware of the size of the room he or she has to deliver the presentation for an oral presentation. Sometimes the rooms are large and echoing. Speaking in such rooms requires less resonating sound. The voice should be a little muffled following the lower notes. However, it5Poity have the required power. For the acoustically treated rooms the resonance of the voice in an oral presentation has an absolutely different kind of impression on the audience. The speaker should also check his or her voice in the rooms; find it out on his or her own, whether it reaches the last listener sitting at the back row. He or she should also find out how the delivery of the †¢voice is. Has he or she practised with the microphone? The room should be well-ventilated and well-illuminated. There should not be any distractions to both the speaker and the listeners. The distraction s like noise and any other interruptions should not be entertained. The seating layout also determines the voice flow, voice reverberation. Every seating arrangement has its merits and demerits. There are various seating arrangements available. When the audience sits in rows like that in a theatre, there is difficulty in eye contact between the speaker and the listener. The environment is very formal. The horseshoe pattern of seating arrangement is more informal and it helps in increasing participation. The curved rows too hinder proper eye contact. People sitting around tables make it very informal unless the audience is divided into groups for formal intercourse. 7. Timing for the Oral Presentation The efficient speaker arranges the text of his presentation in such a way that till the end of the presentation the listeners do not get restless. Also the time of day affects the audience. The afternoon hours hardly make any listener interested to listen to a presentation. But yet an efficient speaker may try to make that session interesting. For keeping to time an efficient speaker takes care of the concentration problem that the audience has with regard to time. Initially the concentration level is not much. After time duration it reaches its peak, and then it starts falling. The end of the presentation again increases the concentration level. However, the span of moderate concentration level may be attained by various concentration enhancing practices. Similarly, the speaker also has a specific time duration when he or she is in his or her sound physical and mental state. 8. Preparing Notes for the Presentation For the presentation in an oral presentation if the speaker writes out the complete presentation and learns it by heart when exact presentation is delivered it sounds stilted. In fact an efficient speaker though prepares the whole text of the presentation; he or she never learns it by heart. He or she reduces it to short notes and puts them on cards. These short notes are nothing but key words. Cards do not shake even if the speaker is nervous. The speaker does not require the papa weight to keep his or her papers as he or she can hold the cards very easily. The cards should be prepared by the speaker in his or her own handwriting as during a presentation or in an oral presentation if the speaker is not able to understand key item because of its illegibility, the complete oral presentation may be ruined. In the cards he or she should write the expected time duration that he or she may require while dealing with that specific point. He or she should clip the cards together by numberin g them. On each card he or she may write some messages regarding making eye-contact with the audience, making no mannerisms, slowing down when speaking fast, stressing on key words, modulating the voice etc., so that they remind him at every step and the presentation is delivered successfully. 9. How to Begin a Presentation? There are various ways of beginning presentation; the aim is to catch the attention of the audience. One may start with a question, a startling fact, a prominent statistics. One may begin with an anecdote or story, thus, â€Å"Ladies and Gentlemen, I am reminded of a story†. One may make some personal references, expressing one’s great pleasure in being invited to speak and so on. A well planned introduction motivates and stimulates the listeners. Simultaneously it generates confidence in the speaker. The impact of an impressive introduction is as follows: It grabs the attention of the audience. It establishes rapport with the audience. It earns the trust and belief of the audience in the speaker. The preview of the main body in the introduction removes all anticipation and draws the audience to the presentation. The introduction showing the speakers personalisation of the topic generates a feel in audience about its significance. It creates the first impression of the speaker among his or her audience. A well-knit introduction creates a favourable impression resulting in a greater attention of the audience to the speakers presentation. An effective introduction effects a smooth transition of the audience to the main body of the presentation. The speaker should not start with an apology or with a se speaker doubt. The speaker may choose from the following methods in the introduction to involve the audience in his or her presentation: By relating an incident to grab the attention. By making a statement to arouse the curiosity. By presenting facts to arrest thinking. By giving statistics to startle him or her. By asking questions to make them start pondering over it. By giving a friendly look to make them feel happy and energetic. By making an intriguing or a surprising statement to frighten the audience. By quoting an eminent person to generate interest of the audience in the subject matter. By telling a story to motivate them to think its significance. By paying a compliment to the audience to flatter them to listen to the speaker. 10. How to End an Oral Presentation? The conclusion of the presentation leaves the final impression on the minds of the listeners. A well-conceived conclusion not only signals the end of the presentation bile also reinforces the central idea in the mind of the listeners. A good presentation may lose all its impact if the conclusion is loose. A strong ending leaves the audience brooding and cogitating the presentation they have just heard. The techniques to draw an ending of the presentation are : By giving verbal clues like Let me end by saying, Before I conclude, One last point, In conclusion, To sum up, To conclude, etc. By our manner of delivery decreasing the pitch of the tone to lower notes. By slowing down the articulation of words and phrases. By going back to the story or incident with which the speaker started his or her presentation. By making a summary of the presentation. By quoting an eminent personality. The presentation should not end with the expressions like I think thats all I had to say. In fact the conclusion should make it clear to the audience what they should do next. The conclusion should generate the last thought in the minds of the listeners regarding the issues taken up in the presentation. 11. Question-Answer Session The ending of an effective presentation or an oral presentation depends upon how well the audience has participated in it. For audience participation there should be separate question answer sessions duly planned. The large audience may be divided into groups and separate sessions may be arranged at the end the talk. However, all this should be done keeping in mind the time constraints. The speaker invites questions from the audience. The questions should be expected after the audience is given some time to think. The speaker, after getting the question, should first repeat it and then answer it as concisely as pool but the answer is not known to the speaker, he or she should not make a guess a invite if any of the audience to offer the answer. The speaker should give to all groups to ask questions for clarification. The efficient speaker usually remains prepared with answers to the anticipated questions on his or her talk.